/ NetNews Offline 2 / NetNews Offline Volume 2.iso / news / comp / lang / c++-part2 / 17825

< prev

next >

MacOS 8.1

Win98

DOS

browse contents

view JSON data

view as text

+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
|00000000| 50 61 74 68 3a 20 6e 65 | 77 73 2e 72 61 69 6e 2e |Path: ne|ws.rain.|
|00000010| 6f 72 67 21 75 73 65 6e | 65 74 0a 46 72 6f 6d 3a |org!usen|et.From:|
|00000020| 20 22 47 75 75 73 20 4c | 65 65 75 77 20 6a 72 2e | "Guus L|eeuw jr.|
|00000030| 22 20 3c 67 75 75 73 6c | 40 65 69 66 66 65 6c 2e |" <guusl|@eiffel.|
|00000040| 63 6f 6d 3e 0a 4e 65 77 | 73 67 72 6f 75 70 73 3a |com>.New|sgroups:|
|00000050| 20 63 6f 6d 70 2e 6c 61 | 6e 67 2e 63 2b 2b 0a 53 | comp.la|ng.c++.S|
|00000060| 75 62 6a 65 63 74 3a 20 | 52 65 3a 20 6d 61 69 6e |ubject: |Re: main|
|00000070| 28 29 0a 44 61 74 65 3a | 20 57 65 64 2c 20 31 37 |().Date:| Wed, 17|
|00000080| 20 41 70 72 20 31 39 39 | 36 20 31 31 3a 33 39 3a | Apr 199|6 11:39:|
|00000090| 30 38 20 2d 30 37 30 30 | 0a 4f 72 67 61 6e 69 7a |08 -0700|.Organiz|
|000000a0| 61 74 69 6f 6e 3a 20 49 | 6e 74 65 72 61 63 74 69 |ation: I|nteracti|
|000000b0| 76 65 20 53 6f 66 74 77 | 61 72 65 20 45 6e 67 69 |ve Softw|are Engi|
|000000c0| 6e 65 65 72 69 6e 67 20 | 49 6e 63 2e 20 68 74 74 |neering |Inc. htt|
|000000d0| 70 3a 2f 2f 77 77 77 2e | 65 69 66 66 65 6c 2e 63 |p://www.|eiffel.c|
|000000e0| 6f 6d 2f 0a 4d 65 73 73 | 61 67 65 2d 49 44 3a 20 |om/.Mess|age-ID: |
|000000f0| 3c 33 31 37 35 33 41 43 | 43 2e 37 42 41 31 45 39 |<31753AC|C.7BA1E9|
|00000100| 41 40 65 69 66 66 65 6c | 2e 63 6f 6d 3e 0a 52 65 |A@eiffel|.com>.Re|
|00000110| 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 73 | 3a 20 3c 33 31 37 34 63 |ferences|: <3174c|
|00000120| 30 64 63 2e 37 36 35 32 | 32 32 30 40 6e 65 77 73 |0dc.7652|220@news|
|00000130| 2e 66 6c 65 78 2e 63 6f | 6d 2e 61 75 3e 0a 4e 4e |.flex.co|m.au>.NN|
|00000140| 54 50 2d 50 6f 73 74 69 | 6e 67 2d 48 6f 73 74 3a |TP-Posti|ng-Host:|
|00000150| 20 40 6f 75 74 62 61 63 | 6b 2e 65 69 66 66 65 6c | @outbac|k.eiffel|
|00000160| 2e 63 6f 6d 0a 4d 69 6d | 65 2d 56 65 72 73 69 6f |.com.Mim|e-Versio|
|00000170| 6e 3a 20 31 2e 30 0a 43 | 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 2d 54 |n: 1.0.C|ontent-T|
|00000180| 79 70 65 3a 20 74 65 78 | 74 2f 70 6c 61 69 6e 3b |ype: tex|t/plain;|
|00000190| 20 63 68 61 72 73 65 74 | 3d 75 73 2d 61 73 63 69 | charset|=us-asci|
|000001a0| 69 0a 43 6f 6e 74 65 6e | 74 2d 54 72 61 6e 73 66 |i.Conten|t-Transf|
|000001b0| 65 72 2d 45 6e 63 6f 64 | 69 6e 67 3a 20 37 62 69 |er-Encod|ing: 7bi|
|000001c0| 74 0a 58 2d 4d 61 69 6c | 65 72 3a 20 4d 6f 7a 69 |t.X-Mail|er: Mozi|
|000001d0| 6c 6c 61 20 32 2e 30 20 | 28 58 31 31 3b 20 49 3b |lla 2.0 |(X11; I;|
|000001e0| 20 4c 69 6e 75 78 20 31 | 2e 32 2e 38 20 69 35 38 | Linux 1|.2.8 i58|
|000001f0| 36 29 0a 54 6f 3a 20 54 | 6f 6e 79 20 4c 20 3c 63 |6).To: T|ony L <c|
|00000200| 6f 62 77 65 62 40 66 6c | 65 78 2e 63 6f 6d 2e 61 |obweb@fl|ex.com.a|
|00000210| 75 3e 0a 0a 54 6f 6e 79 | 20 4c 20 77 72 6f 74 65 |u>..Tony| L wrote|
|00000220| 3a 0a 3e 20 0a 3e 20 48 | 69 20 61 6c 6c 2c 0a 3e |:.> .> H|i all,.>|
|00000230| 20 0a 3e 20 49 20 68 61 | 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 65 20 | .> I ha|ve come |
|00000240| 61 63 72 6f 73 73 20 74 | 77 6f 20 64 69 66 66 65 |across t|wo diffe|
|00000250| 72 65 6e 74 20 77 61 79 | 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 32 |rent way|s that 2|
|00000260| 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 | 6e 74 20 62 65 67 69 6e | differe|nt begin|
|00000270| 6e 65 72 73 20 62 6f 6f | 6b 73 0a 3e 20 72 65 63 |ners boo|ks.> rec|
|00000280| 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 64 20 74 | 68 61 74 20 65 76 65 72 |ommend t|hat ever|
|00000290| 79 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 | 6d 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 |y progra|m should|
|000002a0| 20 73 74 61 72 74 2e 20 | 20 43 6f 75 6c 64 20 73 | start. | Could s|
|000002b0| 6f 6d 65 6f 6e 65 20 70 | 6c 65 61 73 65 20 74 65 |omeone p|lease te|
|000002c0| 6c 6c 0a 3e 20 6d 65 20 | 77 68 69 63 68 20 6f 6e |ll.> me |which on|
|000002d0| 65 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 | 20 22 42 45 53 54 22 20 |e is the| "BEST" |
|000002e0| 6f 72 20 70 72 6f 70 65 | 72 20 77 61 79 3f 0a 3e |or prope|r way?.>|
|000002f0| 20 0a 3e 20 23 69 6e 63 | 6c 75 64 65 20 3c 73 74 | .> #inc|lude <st|
|00000300| 64 69 6f 2e 68 3e 0a 3e | 20 76 6f 69 64 20 6d 61 |dio.h>.>| void ma|
|00000310| 69 6e 28 29 0a 3e 20 7b | 0a 3e 20 20 20 20 20 20 |in().> {|.>      |
|00000320| 20 20 20 70 72 69 6e 74 | 66 28 22 48 65 6c 6c 6f |   print|f("Hello|
|00000330| 21 5c 6e 22 29 3b 0a 3e | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |!\n");.>|        |
|00000340| 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 20 | 30 3b 0a 3e 20 7d 0a 3e | return |0;.> }.>|
|00000350| 20 0a 3e 20 4f 72 2c 20 | 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 | .> Or, |the same|
|00000360| 20 61 73 20 61 62 6f 76 | 65 20 62 75 74 20 6e 6f | as abov|e but no|
|00000370| 74 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 | 65 20 22 76 6f 69 64 22 |t includ|e "void"|
|00000380| 3a 0a 3e 20 0a 3e 20 23 | 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 20 |:.> .> #|include |
|00000390| 3c 73 74 64 69 6f 2e 68 | 3e 0a 3e 20 6d 61 69 6e |<stdio.h|>.> main|
|000003a0| 28 29 0a 3e 20 7b 0a 3e | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |().> {.>|        |
|000003b0| 20 70 72 69 6e 74 66 28 | 22 48 65 6c 6c 6f 21 5c | printf(|"Hello!\|
|000003c0| 6e 22 29 3b 0a 3e 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 |n");.>  |       r|
|000003d0| 65 74 75 72 6e 20 30 3b | 0a 3e 20 7d 0a 0a 41 4e |eturn 0;|.> }..AN|
|000003e0| 53 49 20 43 20 73 61 79 | 73 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 |SI C say|s someth|
|000003f0| 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 65 | 66 66 65 63 74 20 6f 66 |ing to e|ffect of|
|00000400| 20 22 6d 61 69 6e 28 29 | 20 77 69 74 68 20 6f 72 | "main()| with or|
|00000410| 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 | 20 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e | without| argumen|
|00000420| 74 73 0a 73 68 6f 75 6c | 64 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e |ts.shoul|d return|
|00000430| 20 61 20 76 61 6c 75 65 | 2c 20 74 68 61 74 20 76 | a value|, that v|
|00000440| 61 6c 75 65 20 73 68 6f | 75 6c 64 20 68 61 76 65 |alue sho|uld have|
|00000450| 20 74 79 70 65 20 60 69 | 6e 74 27 22 2e 20 46 6f | type `i|nt'". Fo|
|00000460| 72 20 64 65 63 6c 61 72 | 69 6e 67 0a 6e 6f 20 72 |r declar|ing.no r|
|00000470| 65 74 75 72 6e 20 74 79 | 70 65 20 28 74 68 65 20 |eturn ty|pe (the |
|00000480| 64 65 66 61 75 6c 74 20 | 74 79 70 65 20 69 73 20 |default |type is |
|00000490| 60 69 6e 74 27 29 20 74 | 68 65 20 73 65 63 6f 6e |`int') t|he secon|
|000004a0| 64 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f | 6e 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 |d versio|n is the|
|000004b0| 0a 62 65 74 74 65 72 2e | 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 69 |.better.|..This i|
|000004c0| 73 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 | 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 |s becaus|e the ca|
|000004d0| 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 70 72 | 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 63 61 |lling pr|ogram ca|
|000004e0| 6e 20 63 68 65 63 6b 20 | 74 68 65 20 72 65 74 75 |n check |the retu|
|000004f0| 72 6e 20 76 61 6c 75 65 | 20 61 6e 64 20 68 61 76 |rn value| and hav|
|00000500| 65 0a 73 6f 6d 65 20 73 | 65 6d 61 6e 74 69 63 73 |e.some s|emantics|
|00000510| 20 28 64 65 66 69 6e 65 | 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 | (define|d by the|
|00000520| 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 29 | 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d | called)| program|
|00000530| 2e 0a 0a 46 6f 72 20 65 | 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 20 |...For e|xample: |
|00000540| 72 65 74 75 72 6e 20 76 | 61 6c 75 65 20 7a 65 72 |return v|alue zer|
|00000550| 6f 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 | 64 20 74 6f 20 74 65 6c |o is use|d to tel|
|00000560| 6c 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 | 6c 6c 65 72 20 74 68 61 |l the ca|ller tha|
|00000570| 74 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 | 69 6f 6e 0a 77 61 73 20 |t execut|ion.was |
|00000580| 73 75 63 63 65 73 73 66 | 75 6c 2e 20 45 61 63 68 |successf|ul. Each|
|00000590| 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d | 20 63 61 6e 20 64 65 66 | program| can def|
|000005a0| 69 6e 65 20 69 74 73 20 | 6f 77 6e 20 72 65 74 75 |ine its |own retu|
|000005b0| 72 6e 20 76 61 6c 75 65 | 73 2c 20 62 75 74 20 64 |rn value|s, but d|
|000005c0| 6f 65 73 0a 6e 6f 74 20 | 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 2e |oes.not |have to.|
|000005d0| 0a 0a 53 6f 6d 65 20 61 | 75 74 68 6f 72 73 20 6c |..Some a|uthors l|
|000005e0| 69 6b 65 20 74 6f 20 67 | 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 62 |ike to g|et the b|
|000005f0| 65 67 69 6e 6e 65 72 20 | 73 74 61 72 74 65 64 20 |eginner |started |
|00000600| 28 70 73 79 63 68 6f 6c | 6f 67 69 63 61 6c 20 66 |(psychol|ogical f|
|00000610| 65 65 6c 69 6e 67 3a 20 | 22 49 0a 63 61 6e 20 77 |eeling: |"I.can w|
|00000620| 72 69 74 65 20 63 6f 64 | 65 21 22 29 20 77 69 74 |rite cod|e!") wit|
|00000630| 68 6f 75 74 20 74 65 6c | 6c 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 6f |hout tel|ling too|
|00000640| 20 6d 75 63 68 20 61 62 | 6f 75 74 20 72 65 74 75 | much ab|out retu|
|00000650| 72 6e 20 74 79 70 65 73 | 2c 20 73 74 61 63 6b 73 |rn types|, stacks|
|00000660| 2c 0a 72 65 74 75 72 6e | 69 6e 67 20 61 20 76 61 |,.return|ing a va|
|00000670| 6c 75 65 2c 20 65 74 63 | 2e 20 65 74 63 2e 20 54 |lue, etc|. etc. T|
|00000680| 68 6f 73 65 20 61 75 74 | 68 6f 72 73 2c 20 74 68 |hose aut|hors, th|
|00000690| 6f 75 67 68 2c 20 73 68 | 6f 75 6c 64 20 63 6f 6d |ough, sh|ould com|
|000006a0| 65 20 6f 76 65 72 20 61 | 0a 70 6f 69 6e 74 20 69 |e over a|.point i|
|000006b0| 6e 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 | 62 6f 6f 6b 20 77 68 65 |n their |book whe|
|000006c0| 72 65 20 74 68 65 79 20 | 65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 20 |re they |explain |
|000006d0| 74 68 65 20 72 65 61 6c | 20 74 68 69 6e 67 2e 0a |the real| thing..|
|000006e0| 0a 49 74 20 69 73 20 6e | 6f 74 20 72 65 61 6c 6c |.It is n|ot reall|
|000006f0| 79 20 77 72 6f 6e 67 20 | 74 6f 20 64 65 63 6c 61 |y wrong |to decla|
|00000700| 72 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 20 | 61 73 20 72 65 74 75 72 |re main |as retur|
|00000710| 6e 69 6e 67 20 76 6f 69 | 64 2c 20 62 75 74 20 69 |ning voi|d, but i|
|00000720| 74 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 | 0a 70 6f 72 74 61 62 6c |t is not|.portabl|
|00000730| 65 2e 20 60 69 6e 74 20 | 6d 61 69 6e 28 29 27 20 |e. `int |main()' |
|00000740| 69 73 20 67 75 61 72 61 | 6e 74 65 65 64 20 62 79 |is guara|nteed by|
|00000750| 20 74 68 65 20 41 4e 53 | 49 20 43 20 73 74 61 6e | the ANS|I C stan|
|00000760| 64 61 72 64 20 61 6e 64 | 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 73 |dard and| that is|
|00000770| 0a 74 68 65 20 77 61 79 | 20 74 6f 20 70 72 6f 67 |.the way| to prog|
|00000780| 72 61 6d 20 69 6e 20 61 | 20 70 72 6f 74 61 62 6c |ram in a| protabl|
|00000790| 65 20 77 61 79 2e 0a 0a | 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 64 |e way...|If you d|
|000007a0| 6f 6e 27 74 20 63 61 72 | 65 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 |on't car|e about |
|000007b0| 70 6f 72 74 61 62 69 6c | 69 74 79 20 61 6e 64 20 |portabil|ity and |
|000007c0| 6f 6e 6c 79 20 75 73 65 | 20 79 6f 75 72 20 63 6f |only use| your co|
|000007d0| 6d 70 75 74 65 72 2f 63 | 6f 6d 70 69 6c 65 72 2c |mputer/c|ompiler,|
|000007e0| 0a 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e | 20 64 6f 20 77 68 61 74 |.you can| do what|
|000007f0| 65 76 65 72 20 74 68 65 | 20 63 6f 6d 70 69 6c 65 |ever the| compile|
|00000800| 72 20 6c 65 74 73 20 79 | 6f 75 2c 20 62 75 74 20 |r lets y|ou, but |
|00000810| 79 6f 75 20 63 6f 75 6c | 64 20 67 65 74 20 73 6f |you coul|d get so|
|00000820| 6d 65 20 73 68 6f 63 6b | 73 0a 77 68 65 6e 20 79 |me shock|s.when y|
|00000830| 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 67 | 6f 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 |ou are g|oing to |
|00000840| 70 6f 72 74 20 79 6f 75 | 72 20 61 70 70 6c 69 63 |port you|r applic|
|00000850| 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f | 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 |ation to| differe|
|00000860| 6e 74 20 63 6f 6d 70 69 | 6c 65 72 73 20 61 6e 64 |nt compi|lers and|
|00000870| 0a 6f 72 20 70 6c 61 74 | 66 6f 72 6d 73 2e 0a 0a |.or plat|forms...|
|00000880| 2d 2d 20 0a 27 6c 38 72 | 2c 0a 09 47 75 75 73 0a |-- .'l8r|,..Guus.|
|00000890| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000008a0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000008b0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000008c0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000008d0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 0a 54 68 65 79 20 73 61 |--------|.They sa|
|000008e0| 79 20 49 27 6d 20 77 69 | 6c 64 20 61 6e 64 20 49 |y I'm wi|ld and I|
|000008f0| 27 6d 20 72 65 63 6b 6c | 65 73 73 2e 0a 20 2d 2d |'m reckl|ess.. --|
|00000900| 20 4a 69 6d 20 53 74 65 | 69 6e 6d 61 6e 20 28 66 | Jim Ste|inman (f|
|00000910| 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 | 73 6f 6e 67 3a 20 45 76 |rom the |song: Ev|
|00000920| 65 72 79 74 68 69 6e 67 | 20 6c 6f 75 64 65 72 20 |erything| louder |
|00000930| 74 68 61 6e 20 65 76 65 | 72 79 74 68 69 6e 67 20 |than eve|rything |
|00000940| 65 6c 73 65 29 0a 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |else).--|--------|
|00000950| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000960| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000970| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000980| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a    |--------|------. |
+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+